Lisa Eitel - Motion Control Tips

Don’t forget these two things when selecting an amplifier for a servo-motion application

January 29, 2019 By Lisa Eitel Leave a Comment

Using software to size motion designs is rewarding because engineers can efficiently predict which products are suitable for the application at hand. But key considerations (sometimes missed) when selecting a servo amplifier are those of dynamic braking and regenerative resistor braking.

By Sixto Moralez • Regional Motion Engineer
Phil Drexler • Regional Motion Engineer | Yaskawa America Inc.

Design engineers who are running sizing calculations for a servo application should consider dynamic braking as well as regenerative braking requirements when selecting a servomotor and digital amplifier for that design. The terms are sometimes used interchangeably, as both types of braking involve processing regenerative energy. But as we’ll explore, there is a subtle difference between dynamic braking and regenerative braking.

We’ll also explore how to leverage the benefits of servo amplifiers that include dynamic-braking provisions.

What is dynamic braking?

If the servo axis suddenly turns off while the servomotor is operating and the axis is running at some non-zero velocity — for example, due to loss of power or an emergency stop triggered by an alarm — the digital servo amplifier can no longer control the servomotor. That means unless there’s some mechanism to prevent coasting, that axis will indeed coast until all of the kinetic energy from the load and its own rotating inertia is expended.

Dynamic braking is the quick stopping of a spinning servomotor by connecting resistance between the Servomotor’s terminals.

Because mechanical losses in the system usually expend only a small amount of energy, the coasting distance can be quite long. This long stopping distance may spur equipment damage and/or personal injury.

Here, dynamic braking is helpful. It uses the regenerative power produced by the rotating servomotor to brake the servomotor. The servomotor’s kinetic energy converts to electrical energy and is expended as heat (through resistors) to stop the servomotor. In short, dynamic braking is the quick stopping of a spinning servomotor by connecting resistance between the servomotor’s terminals U, V, and W.

With default parameter settings, the digital servo amplifier will apply dynamic braking to stop the servomotor when a Group 1 alarm occurs. The user can modify the setting of this parameter by using Yaskawa’s free SigmaWin+ Version 7 software.

Consider some examples of when the dynamic braking circuit might be activated.

Servo alarm: With default parameter settings, the digital servo amplifier will apply dynamic braking to stop the servomotor when a Group 1 alarm occurs. In some cases, users can modify the setting of this parameter by using drive-manufacturer software.

Over-travel: Hitting the over-travel limit switches in the forward or reverse direction.

Main power off: Turning off the main power supply to the digital servo-amplifier circuit or servomotor.

Shown here are a couple examples of where regeneration is helpful — where gravity and tension come into play.

What is regenerative energy?

In a servomotor system under the control of a digital servo amplifier, when the output torque of the servomotor is opposite the direction of the shaft rotation, the motor acts as a generator … and the resulting energy flows back into the drive. The energy returned to the drive is regenerative energy. Three examples of when regeneration occurs during motor operation are decelerating a moving load; lowering a vertical load; and an overdriven nip roll.

Shown here is how Yaskawa’s networkable Sigma-7 Series Servopack digital amplifiers can handle the energy from a backdriven motor.

That leads to the next question — what is regenerative resistor braking? Here, regenerative energy is returned to the drive during deceleration because the motor must apply torque opposing the rotation’s direction to stop the load.

For example, when lowering a load without a counterweight, the force of gravity drives the load down, and the motor must apply torque opposite the direction of downward rotation to control the load.

Shown here is a sample regeneration profile upon axis deceleration.

Likewise, in the case of an overdriven nip roll, the motor must apply torque opposite the direction of rotation. In both cases, regenerative energy returns to the drive. Whenever regenerative energy returns to the digital servo amplifier, the bus capacitors absorb the energy … and the dc bus voltage rises.

Of course, if there’s a large amount of energy, the energy must dissipate to protect the drive. A braking transistor turns on to let current flow from the bus through a braking resistor. This process is known as regenerative resistor braking.

Digital servo amplifiers from some manufacturers have built-in resistors to dissipate some regenerative energy … though if the amount of regenerative energy processed by the built-in resistor is exceeded, the design will need an external regenerative resistor.

Word to the wise: Use (full-featured) servo-sizing software

Using servo-sizing software from some manufacturers to size motion applications lets engineers verify the regenerative and dynamic braking parameters specific to the application. Here the engineer can enter details about the system mechanics, motion profile, and other details such as input voltage and the servomotor brake parameters. Such software ultimately identifies one or multiple servomotor and digital servo amplifier combinations that will work in the application at hand. Some such software can even return speed-torque curves and regeneration values for each machine-build option.

Click to enlarge. This example of sizing software (on the Yaskawa SigmaSelect software’s regeneration tab) shows how such tools can identify whether the design will need additional components such as external resistors.

Though no one size fits all, servo systems verified upfront for dynamic braking and regenerative resistor braking will deliver longer life. Yaskawa’s networkable digital amplifiers (Sigma-7 Series Servopacks) include dynamic braking provisions in their amplifiers. For more information, visit yaskawa.com/products/motion/sigma-7-servo-products.

Figure 7: When the servomotor operates as a generator, power returns to the amplifier — often to charge the drive’s bus-smoothing capacitor. Beyond this capacitor’s capacity, a regenerative resistor goes into action to consume the remaining power. But where such an approach is still insufficient (or the drive doesn’t have regenerative resistors) an external regenerative resistor must connect to the drive to handle the remaining power. That’s common for axes with high load-to-motor-inertia mismatches. External regenerative resistor units such as the one shown here connect between drive terminals; then software configuration of the amplifier allows identification and handling of the external resistor unit’s power capacity.

New RH-N gearbox kits from Nabtesco Motion Control are pre-engineered offering

January 28, 2019 By Lisa Eitel Leave a Comment

Nabtesco Motion Control now offers pre-engineered RH-N gearbox kits. RH-N kits use the manufacturer’s newest RV-N series of gearboxes … to 20% smaller and 30% lighter than the original RV-E series. RH-N gearbox kits make for turnkey motion solutions that trim lead, engineering, and installation times. The RH-N directly bolts onto servomotors without the need of additional components, as the gearbox kits eliminate the need to manufacture and machine motor plates and housings.

More specifically, RH-N kits include an RV-N-series gearbox; oil seals and O rings; RH-N middle flange and RH-N motor flange; all necessary fasteners; and input pinion. In fact, the input pinion requires no machining … so installers can simply bolt the design together.

Suitable applications for the RH-N include and array of servomotor-driven designs … and in fact, Nabtesco’s value-added gearbox-kit solution works on all RV-N series gear reducers with standard ratios.

RH-N Kits are designed and manufactured in the U.S. with a two-week lead time on all non-stocked items … though one Nabtesco Motion Control objective for 2019 is to increase stock levels to allow for JIT delivery.

Nabtesco Motion Control can design and manufacture various configurations from the RV-N gearbox body. Fully assembled RH-N variations (in the form of fully completed assemblies of the kit and gearbox excluding grease) are available. Oil seals are properly installed and all bolts torqued to the proper specs.

Note: Nabtesco Motion Control RD2-S and RD2-R use legacy RV-E series gearboxes. The newer RV-N series comes in sizes that are far larger (for much higher maximum rated torques). The manufacturer anticipates a migration to the RV-N Series (and the RH-N kits) for two reasons:

RV-N series gearboxes are smaller, lighter and more powerful than the traditional RV-E series
Pre-engineered solutions help design engineers as detailed above

For more information on RH-N Kits (and to provide feedback or submit requests) visit this deep link on nabtescomotioncontrol.com.

B&R X20-series stepper motor module to boost efficiency

January 28, 2019 By Lisa Eitel Leave a Comment

The new X20SM1436-1 module from B&R is a new X20 module for direct control of stepper motors. The module runs stepper motors with operating voltages from 18 to 60 Vdc at currents to 2.5 A. Plus integrated current reduction function increases performance and reduces energy consumption.

With the current reduction function, B&R has integrated sensorless load-dependent current control, which significantly increases the performance of the module. By regulating the current downwards de-pending on the operating situation and load, the module allows energy savings of up to 75%.

Smoother operation: The current reduction function also significantly reduces power dissipation and heat accumulation in the module. At the same time, current control also results in the stepper motor running more smoothly. For self-protection, the stepper motor module has an inrush current limiter and a motor outlet with short circuit and overload protection.

Digital inputs with open circuit monitoring: The module has four digital 24 Vdc inputs. Three of them can be configured as ABR encoder inputs with a counter frequency of 50 kHz for 4x evaluation. In addition, all digital inputs have open circuit monitoring, which increases operational security. To detect slippage, the module has been equipped with stall detection.

The new stepper motor module from the X20 series offers sensorless and load-dependent current control.

B&R is an innovative automation company with headquarters in Austria and offices all around the world. On July 6, 2017, B&R became a business unit of the ABB Group. As a global leader in industrial automation, B&R combines state-of-the-art technology with advanced engineering to provide customers in virtually every industry with complete solutions for machine and factory automation, motion control, HMI and integrated safety technology. With Industrial IoT communication standards like OPC UA, POWERLINK and openSAFETY as well as the powerful Automa-tion Studio software development environment, B&R is constantly redefining the future of automation engineering. The innovative spirit that keeps B&R at the forefront of industrial automation is driven by a commitment to simplifying processes and exceeding customer expectations. For more information, visit this deep link detailing the new stepper drive on www.br-automation.com.

Elmo’s miniature servo drive tested successfully under extreme underwater pressure

January 24, 2019 By Lisa Eitel Leave a Comment

Elmo Motion Control (Elmo) now sells a unique solution for typical underwater applications such as remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) and autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), which don’t always allow for a fully controlled pressurized vessel for the servo drive.

The ultra-small, already rugged by nature Gold Twitter servo drive was modified to match the needs of deep underwater applications, having to withstand high pressures up to 700atm.

Elmo’s vast experience in designing innovative and reliable servo drives for harsh environments was a key element in executing this customization. The new solution needed both R&D expertise in designing special components, as well as the know-how necessary for the implementation of a specialized production process. The modified G-TWI was tested and verified to operate without compromise at 700a (atmospheric pressure), equivalent to -7000 meters below sea level. Operation verification was executed at a dedicated facility lab used for testing high-pressure oil & gas technologies. For more information, click on this deep link to elmomc.com.

Elmo Motion Control – a leading manufacturer of advanced servo and motion technologies– has been offering intelligent, high power-density servo drives and motion controllers for more than 30 years. Elmo’s award-winning ultra-small drives and multi-axis controllers enhance overall machine precision, speed, and ensure fast, real-time responses for any application. Founded in 1988, the company is headquartered in Israel, employs more than 300 staff worldwide, and has a dedicated presence in the United States, China, Germany, Italy, Korea, Poland and the United Kingdom. For more information, visit www.elmomc.com.

FAQ: What are mechanical, fluid-power, and elastomeric material dampers?

January 22, 2019 By Lisa Eitel Leave a Comment

Vibration in industrial machinery often originates from imbalances inherent to motors, gearboxes, and other turning component that excites natural frequencies. Dampers in this context are components that counteract and often isolate the vibration source from the rest of the design or machine — to prevent its propagation of mechanical oscillation. Watch the recent video on this topic for a full explanation:

Passive vibration mitigation includes passive isolators — such as closed-cell foam slabs, metal coil or wave springs, wire rope isolators (common in military applications) and rubber machine mounts.

These reduce system natural frequency to less than that of excitation frequency… though to be clear, traditional springs and rubber have near-zero damping capabilities.

Precision passive isolators include negative-stiffness isolators, which decrease system natural frequency upon loading via a kinematic linkage of beam columns and springs … typically stacked in series for tilt, horizontal, and vertical motion.

In fact, many isolators do impart a small amount of damping. Some (including wire-rope isolators) also attenuate shock impact at sudden move ends, hard stops, and collisions without recoil — on conveyor e-brakes or axis stroke ends, for example.

In contrast with isolators, passive dampers (such as material slabs and mechanical linkages) change the kinetic energy of vibration into heat. Passive damping usually employs viscous fluids, viscoelastic materials, piezo elements, or simple magnetics.

Though not our focus here, active dampers include an array of electronically controlled force cancellers that employ a power source, sensors, and actuation to counteract vibration with disruptive interference … out of phase with the source vibration. These include:

Shocks containing magnetorheological fluid that stiffen to solid with controllable yield strength under an applied magnetic field in milliseconds

Image courtesy Wikimedia Commons

Powered piezoelectric elements affixed to the design frame at critical points to execute active countermotions and address vibration (usually detected by acceleration sensors) and under the control of a DSP.

On passive vibration damping — those in mechanical formats include tuned mass dampers that affix to machinery or structures to damp narrow frequency bands of vibration. Other options for passive mechanical damping are friction and piezoelectric action prompted by simple resistive shunt.

Passive vibration mitigation in fluid-power formats include hydraulic mounts, air springs, and bladders to isolate and damp industrial machines and other moving equipment. Passive air tables are another iteration, though increasingly displaced by other technologies. Gas springs (of the piston-type plunger design) act as kinematic holds.

Many pneumatic dampers have a similar structure — with a cylindrical chamber containing a piston and compressed air behind it — though work on moving axes. Oil dashpots employ a contained volume of fluid to resist motion with viscous friction to damp (though not isolate) vibration.

Last let’s consider passive vibration mitigation in elastomeric material formats — which offer simplicity in format and application. Foam slabs isolate well though lacks durability. Rubber and neoprene excel at isolation but not damping. In contrast, another option is viscoelastic Sorbothane material from Sorbothane Inc. that excels at vibration and shock control — absorbing up to 94.7% of the latter.

The material is classified as viscoelastic, as it exhibits both viscous and elastic characteristics when subject to deformation. A high delta tangent — also called the loss factor or damping coefficient — means Sorbothane out-of-phase time relationship between shock impact or vibration and force transmission. Sorbothane absorbs more than half the energies at 1 to 30,000 Hertz for powerful vibration damping … shedding the energy as heat (through hysteresis) and directing remaining energy perpendicularly — 90° out of phase from the vibration or shock source.

Formats abound … one includes layered blocks of Sorbothane that interlock — to let design engineers customize vibration-damping assemblies. The modular components include steel baseplates to keep their shape and boost column strength. For more information, visit sorbothane.com.

Drive and logic in new mini servo drive from Elmo Motion Control use single power source

January 22, 2019 By Lisa Eitel Leave a Comment

Elmo Motion Control (Elmo) now offers a new enhanced Gold-Twitter version with single source up to 95 Vdc. This allows users to use a single source power for both the drive and logic power.

As part of its continuous engineering efforts, the Elmo R&D team was able to integrate a higher voltage internal supply into the ultra-small Gold Twitter. Gold Twitter 80-V and 100-V versions denoted with a new P/N suffix can now operate from a single power supply. VL (Control Supply) and VP+ (Power Supply) operating from a single source is a benefit for machine builders. The single control supply topology contributes to lower EMI, and reduced sensitivity to poor external wiring.

The ultra-small, extreme power density Gold Twitter servo drive will be available with an enhanced version, including a capability to be powered from single power source.

Despite the changes the new enhanced version will be completely F3 compliant. The strict compliance with the F3 rules (Fit, Form, and Function) ensures transparent usage for customers that currently use G-TWI. For ordering the single power supply G-TWI, add the suffix S to the part number …G-TWIR80/80EES, for example. For more information, visit this deep link on elmomc.com.

Elmo Motion Control – a leading manufacturer of advanced servo and motion technologies – offers intelligent, high power-density servo drives and motion controllers for more than 30 years. Elmo’s award-winning ultra-small drives and multi-axis controllers enhance overall machine precision, speed, and ensure a fast, real-time responses for any application. Founded in 1988, the company is headquartered in Israel, employs more than 300 staff worldwide, and has a dedicated presence in the United States, China, Germany, Italy, Korea, Poland and the United Kingdom.

See it at ATX West: Applied Motion Technology’s latest motors and integrated drives

January 22, 2019 By Lisa Eitel Leave a Comment

Applied Motion Products will give personal demonstrations of its latest motor, stepper drive, and servo drive technology at ATX West … at the Anaheim Convention Center Feb. 5 to 7, 2019. Visit Booth 4264 to check out the following technology:

MDX Integrated Servo Motors that combine high torque density, low inertia servo motors with on-board drives and controllers to create all-in-one integrated motor solutions that save on space, wiring, and cost over conventional servo systems with separate motor and drive components.

StepSERVO Integrated Motors that provide cost-effective and high-torque motion control for high throughput applications such as packaging and labeling, automated test and measurement, and automated assembly.

STF Stepper Drives that support a range of industrial Ethernet and Fieldbus network protocols including EtherCAT, EtherNet/IP, CANopen, Modbus, Ethernet and RS-485, as well as a proprietary Serial Command Language (SCL) for efficient network communications over Ethernet (UDP or TCP) and RS-485. Using STF stepper drives, system designers and machine builders have the flexibility to control step motors using the network protocol of their choice.

SV200 Digital Servo Drives that operate on 24, 48, or higher dc supply voltages for space-constrained and multi-axis motion control applications.

PI exhibiting motion and automation subsystems at SPIE Photonics West 2019

January 22, 2019 By Lisa Eitel Leave a Comment

Descend the escalator and enter the exhibit hall to the world’s largest multidisciplinary photonics event. Taking just a few steps past the entrance, PI’s booth displays the latest state-of-the-art precision motion technologies. PI engineers are on-hand to answer questions and propose solutions for precision motion projects in industry, research, and science.

PI will highlight its new gantries, automation sub-systems for laser material processing, and silicon photonics (SiP) alignment engines in addition to novel piezoceramic drive solutions and motion and control technologies at Photonics West in San Francisco, starting February 5, 2019.

High-speed automation: Hybrid gantries, linear motors, air bearings, and piezo flexures: PI’s new hybrid gantry has a unique, space saving guide design. The bridge axis is equipped with an air bearing guide that allows exact control of velocity as well as outstanding repeatability and straightness, while reducing particle emission over the work area considerably.

New linear-motor stages, specifically developed for industrial automation help photonics and laser processing engineers design better performing motion systems. New Piezo flexure-guided linear positioners offer excellent precision and responsiveness with step and settle typically in the millisecond range with billions of cycles of service life. Cost-effective and small footprint options are available for easy integration into applications such as image scanning, overlay, fast autofocus, interferometry, and super-resolution microscopy. Air bearings with linear motor drives provide another option when long travel vibration-free motion is required, highly constant velocity control is crucial, together with angular repeatability and geometric performance.

Miniaturization – fingertip-sized positioners: The ongoing miniaturization of instruments requires opto-mechanical alignment, positioning, and assembly on a smaller scale. Direct drive piezo motors that are only a few millimeters in size enable ultra-compact positioning stages. Finger-tip sized linear and rotary stages are standard, but much smaller custom designs are feasible. Single to 6-axis designs are available. Resolutions from µm to nanometers are standard.

High-speed photonics alignment engines: PI’s SiP alignment product line addresses the requirement of aligning multiple parallel optical paths with multiple interacting inputs and outputs, each needing optimization. The automated alignment engines include 3 to 12-axis mechanisms, controllers with firmware based alignment algorithms, and the software tools to meet the high accuracy demands of different markets such as packing, planar testing, and inspection. Hexapod 6-axis parallel positioning systems are instrumental to fast SiP alignment due to their lower inertia, improved dynamics, smaller package size and higher stiffness, and programmable pivot point.

Microscopy imaging and bio-nanotechnology solution packages: Researchers make use of the sub-atomic resolution and extreme responsiveness of piezo stages and nanopositioners to create higher-quality images faster. PI provides a large variety of fast XYZ stages and microscope lens positioners for 3D imaging (Z-stack acquisition), deconvolution, and fast auto-focusing applications. A line of ultra-stable long-travel microscope stages with self-locking piezo motors is also available. For more information, visit pi-usa.us/en/tech-blog.

ISL customizable stepper motors for industrial automation applications

January 18, 2019 By Lisa Eitel Leave a Comment

ISL Products Intl. Ltd., leader in value-added manufacturing and engineering services for electronic/electromechanical components, now sells value-added hybrid, permanent magnet (PM) and variable-reluctance stepper motors which meet the exact positioning, holding torque, and repeatability specifications of the broadest array of automation designs. As stepper motors employ the theory of operation for magnets to make the motor shaft turn a precise distance when a pulse of electricity is supplied, they are appropriate in a broad range of high-precision motion control designs. ISL’s brushless stepper motors provide either rotary or linear motion and are controlled by an open-loop system (non-feedback system) to facilitate robust, economical, repeatable, and low-maintenance operation.

ISL’s stepper motors are delivered in frame sizes ranging from NEMA 8 to NEMA 52 (20 mm – 130 mm) and feature a 1.8° (two-phase) step angle. Additionally, 0.9° (two-phase) and 1.2° (three-phase) step angle configurations are available. To ensure OEM’s unique requirements are met, ISL engineers help identify the optimal stepper motor solutions for each application. Included among ISL’s stepper motor customization capabilities are those pertaining to brake, gearhead, torque density, voltage, output speed, encoder/driver, power, current, lead screw/ball screw (linear stepper), all-in-one driver/controller, step angle, phase and pole count, lead wire/connector, shaft configuration and material.

These customizable, value-added stepper motors are commonly used in industrial automation, retail and vending machines, robotics, dispensing machines, 3D printers, machine tools, manufacturing equipment, conveyor and fluid control systems, automated guided vehicles (AGV), packaging, and food processing equipment. They are also specified for ticketing, gambling, labelling, textile, and carving machinery, as well as CNC (Computer Numeric Control) machines and medical devices.

Pricing for ISL’s value-added hybrid, permanent magnetic (PM) and variable reluctance stepper motors is determined based on customer specifications. Samples are available upon request. For more information, visit islproducts.com.

ISL Products Limited offers a comprehensive portfolio of supply chain and logistics management services. For more than 40 years, design engineers and OEMs have relied on ISL’s world-wide engineering sales and support network to deliver innovative and cost-effective solutions to help accelerate time-to-market. Products include audio components, motor and mechanical components, ballasts and power supplies, potentiometers-transformers, cable assemblies, and connectors. The company maintains a network of US sales representatives and is headquartered in Syosset, N.Y.

AP10 IO-Link position indicators from SIKO maintain efficiency and reliability

January 18, 2019 By Lisa Eitel Leave a Comment

Bus-capable position indicators from SIKO are the heart of a monitored size changeover and are indispensable in machine construction today. Their ability to display the setpoint and actual value on the adjusting spindle to the machine operator increases comfort for the setter. This greatly simplifies the process of refitting a production machine for a new product. Feedback on the positioning status to the machine controller increases reliability for format changes; this prevents incorrect settings (by avoiding scrap and tool damage) and reduces setup times.

Position display with innovative IO-Link interface
Two-line LCD with backlighting
Setpoint and actual value display with integrated comparison
Loop positioning for clearance compensation
Positioning status and rotational direction display
Using 2x red/green LED
Protection rating up to IP65
Magnetic absolute encoder
Stainless steel hollow shaft with 20 or 25.4 mm in diameter

Thanks to smart communication with the higher-level machine control system, the AP10 position indicator ensures that product changes and size changeovers are safe and ergonomic.

Setpoints, actual position values and the positioning status are exchanged, making manual spindle adjustment a monitored process. In addition to the proven serial interfaces in the AP10, the innovative IO-Link interface is now available. It enables fast and cost-effective integration via point-to-point connection using the simplest I/O connection technology. Thanks to the open, manufacturer-independent standard of the IO-Link interface, convenient integration options from all leading providers come in machine control systems. IO-Link master islands can be used for modular networking of several AP10 position displays. This drastically reduces complexity and wiring work and shortens commissioning times. Simple wiring combined with additional diagnostic features increases the ease of service, reducing downtime in the event of an error.

One significant new element of the AP10 is the inverted backlit LCD display. The backlighting ensures that the position values are easily legible, even in places that are difficult to see in or in low light conditions. The LCD is designed as a two-line six-digit 14-segment display. As a result, even long adjustment tracks can still be displayed with high display accuracy. The 14-segment display also allows for the clear display of alphanumeric characters, which simplifies configuration, commissioning and error diagnosis.

In addition to the directional arrows on the LCD, the AP10 position indicator also provides clear visual user guidance via two bi-color status LEDs. These not only signal positional status (InPos or OutPos) but also indicate the needed rotational direction for direct access to the target point. The AP10 provides loop positioning to compensate for mechanical spindle play.

Just like all SIKO position indicators, the AP10 also features a hollow shaft, guaranteeing the easiest assembly possible for standard adjustable axles. The size and distance dimensions of the torque support ensure installation compatibility with the world’s best-selling SIKO meter DA09S. This means the AP05 can be used to switch from manual adjustment with mechanical position indicator to monitored size changeover without changing the machine frame. Due to the high protection class of IP65 and a hollow shaft made of stainless steel, the AP10 is also suitable for applications in the food industry, beverage production or the pharmaceutical sector. For more information, visit www.siko-global.com.